This UNEP Copenhagen Climate Centre paper examines the challenges faced by central banks and financial regulators in emerging markets and developing economies and distils key lessons from the Reserve Bank of Malawi’s experiences that can guide other institutions beginning to integrate climate considerations into their operations.

This guideline provides a high-level, practice-informed resource for countries seeking to strengthen national responses to loss and damage. It synthesizes current concepts, evidence, policy debates, and emerging good practices, and offers an overarching framework to support reflection on, scoping, and refinement of national loss and damage strategies and related processes. Rather than prescribing a single blueprint or detailed step-by-step procedures, […]

This brief provides a summary of business and financing models for scaling solar-powered irrigation systems (SPIS) in Uganda. It highlights SPIS as a strategic climate technology for Uganda’s agriculture sector, which employs about 70% of the population but faces significant climate risks. The brief demonstrates that SPIS can increase crop yields, enable off-season production, and stabilize farmer incomes. It reviews […]

This practitioners brief is for government officials, practitioners, and partners who need to turn the Loss and Damage agenda into concrete national action. It builds on the Strengthening National Responses to Loss and Damage guide, available here. Effective Loss and Damage strategies recognize that some impacts can still be avoided or reduced through better risk management, while others require measures to […]

The global signals of climate change are felt acutely in cities through unprecedented heatwaves, floods, and climate-related disasters, placing increasing pressure on urban systems and practitioners’ ability to manage risks. Cities, home to over half the world’s population and major contributors to global greenhouse gas emissions, are increasingly vulnerable to these impacts. Nature-based solutions (NbS) offer a powerful pathway for […]

Climate change is increasingly impacting human health through rising temperatures, extreme weather events, changing disease patterns, displacement, and growing pressures on health systems. While health is widely recognised as a critical dimension of climate vulnerability, there is growing interest in understanding how health is reflected within national approaches to Loss and Damage (L&D). This new stocktake provides a systematic assessment […]

Alongside Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), long‑term low‑emission development strategies (LT‑LEDS) form the backbone of the Paris Agreement and pave the way for low‑emission development pathways around the globe. Their coherence and mutual alignment are therefore critical to ensuring ambitious and effective action towards limiting the increase in global average temperature and adapting to the impacts of climate change. This publication, […]

High-quality adaptation reporting has become more pertinent under the Paris Agreement, with vital processes such as the global stocktake being extremely reliant on the information reported by Parties to assess progress made towards achieving the Paris Agreement’s global goal on adaptation. To date, adaptation information reported by Parties has typically been insufficiently comparable and complete, and reported too infrequently. This […]

The development of national greenhouse gas inventories (NGI) is a task requiring highly technical precision that the Parties to the Paris Agreement shall undertake biennially starting from 2024. Its multiple benefits include providing the Parties, especially developing countries, with a means to track progress made in implementing and achieving their committed goals for GHG emission control and reduction to mitigate […]

The rapid rise of artificial intelligence (AI), cloud computing, and digital services is fuelling a surge in electricity demand from data centres, particularly in emerging economies. While digital infrastructure is essential for development, the energy it consumes risks overwhelming fragile power systems, competing with other energy uses, driving up costs, and undermining climate goals. According to the IEA, global data […]